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An ectopic pregnancy is one of the cases in which the fertilized egg attaches somewhere outside the uterine cavity. The prevalence of ectopic pregnancy is about 2% of all pregnancies. What is the difference between a normal pregnancy and an ectopic pregnancy? In a normal pregnancy, ovulation occurs when the ovary releases an egg into the fallopian tube. When the egg meets a sperm, the fertilized egg moves into the uterus and continues to grow over the next nine months. In one case out of 50 pregnancies, the fertilized egg remains in the fallopian tube. This condition is called an ectopic pregnancy. In rare cases, the fertilized egg attaches to one of the ovaries or to other organs inside the abdomen. Therefore, an ectopic pregnancy is an emergency medical condition that requires immediate treatment. Symptoms of ectopic pregnancy The most common symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy include: * delayed menstruation. Heavy bleeding in the vagina. * Pain in the lower parts of the abdomen. * Weakness or fainting due to blood loss. These symptoms in a woman of fertile age may raise suspicion of an ectopic pregnancy, as the cause of the symptoms must be investigated. In many cases, the symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy are not clear and conclusive, as only part of them appear with low degrees of pain, which makes the diagnosis process difficult. Causes and risk factors for ectopic pregnancy The reason for the development of an ectopic pregnancy is due to damage to the suppression of the fallopian tubes caused by infections, especially those transmitted through sexual relations, or from previous surgeries. Complications of an ectopic pregnancy The fate of an ectopic pregnancy cannot be predicted, and many things must be taken into account, as follows: * The fetus may grow until the trumpet is no longer able to contain it, and a rupture occurs in the trumpet wall when it exits into the peritoneum, which causes bleeding inside the peritoneum in addition to abdominal pain, and the pregnancy may stop developing and the body absorbs it to disappear completely. * When the diagnosis is confirmed with the presence of an ectopic pregnancy, one must prepare for intense monitoring to avoid aggravation of the condition, and surgical intervention may be required, but in easy cases, monitoring alone can be sufficient. After an ectopic pregnancy, the probability of a new pregnancy occurring in the uterus is 80-88%, while the probability of another ectopic pregnancy is 4.2-5%. Diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy An ectopic pregnancy is diagnosed in several ways, as follows: * Ultrasound examination Ultrasound imaging is done on the basis of some repeated measurements of the level of the pregnancy hormone (Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin – hCG) in the blood. A pregnancy in the womb is diagnosed when the hCG levels are more than 1,500 mmol/ml, and if this is not the case, there is a suspicion of an ectopic pregnancy in the fallopian tube. * Check hormones An ectopic pregnancy can be diagnosed through this test, as progesterone levels are lower in an ectopic pregnancy, which is an additional indicator of an ectopic pregnancy. Treatment of ectopic pregnancy Treatment for ectopic pregnancy is chosen according to the seriousness of the case, as in some of the following cases: * There is a need for a surgical procedure by means of laparoscopy (Laparoscopy); To remove or remove the pregnancy from the fallopian tube, if the pregnancy is accompanied by bleeding in the peritoneal cavity, or if the pregnancy hormone level is more than 3,500 mm/ml. * Methotrexate injections are needed for women with a small tubal pregnancy, low hCG level and no abdominal bleeding. Prevention of ectopic pregnancy In fact, there are no clear ways to prevent an ectopic pregnancy, but the following can be followed: * Receiving appropriate treatment in the event of any infections in the reproductive system, such as gonorrhea and chlamydia, as it improves the chances of obtaining a successful pregnancy in the future. * Consult the attending physician about the recommended waiting period until they try to conceive again in the event of a previous pregnancy experience outside of pregnancy, as some doctors recommend waiting for a period of 3-6 months.

Most causes of abdominal pain are not worrisome, and your doctor can easily diagnose and treat the problem, though it can be a sign of a serious illness. Here are the main causes of recurrent abdominal cramps: Causes of frequent abdominal colic Whether you are experiencing mild or severe pain or cramps, abdominal cramps can have many causes, including: * Infection. Abnormal growth of cells. Gastrointestinal infections known as stomach flu. Intestinal disorders. * Constipation or diarrhea. * esophageal acid reflux or heartburn. * pressure on nerves. * Gastroesophageal reflux disease. Irritable bowel syndrome or spastic colon, a disorder that causes abdominal pain, cramping, and changes in bowel movements. * Crohn’s disease or what is known as inflammatory bowel disease. * Lactose intolerance means the inability to digest lactose, which is the sugar found in milk and dairy products. * Organ rupture or near rupture, such as: appendix. Gallstones or kidneys. * Kidney infection. * Stomach irritation due to eating spicy foods, soft drinks, aspirin, or some NSAIDs. Liver disorders. * Cancers, such as: stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, and ovarian cancer. * Inflammation of the duodenum. Mesenteric ischemia, i.e. reduced blood flow to the intestines. * Pericarditis or inflammation of the surrounding tissues in the heart. * Salpingitis or what is known as inflammation of the fallopian tubes. Locations of colic inside the abdomen The location of the pain inside the abdomen may be an indication of its cause, so what are the causes of recurrent abdominal cramps in its various locations? 1. Pain that spreads throughout the abdomen The causes of recurrent abdominal cramps here are represented by one of the following conditions: *Appendicitis. Crohn’s disease. * Exposure to injuries or trauma. *Urinary tract infection. *flu. 2. Pain that focuses on the lower abdomen The causes of recurrent abdominal cramps here are represented by one of the following conditions: *Appendicitis. Intestinal obstruction. * Pregnancy outside the womb. 3. Pain that focuses in the upper abdomen The causes of recurrent abdominal cramps here are represented by one of the following conditions: * Gallstones. *heart attack. *Lever Inflammation. *Pneumonia. 4. Pain that is concentrated in the center of the abdomen The causes of recurrent abdominal cramps here are one of the following conditions: *Inflammation of the stomach and intestines. * Exposure to injuries or trauma. Uremia, or the accumulation of waste and toxins in your blood. 5. Pain that focuses in the lower left abdomen The causes of recurrent abdominal cramps here are represented by one of the following conditions: * Cancer. Kidney infection. Cysts in the ovaries. *Appendicitis. 6. Pain that occurs in the left upper abdomen The causes of recurrent abdominal cramps here are represented by one of the following conditions: splenomegaly. * Faecal impaction. *heart attack. * Cancer 7. Pain that occurs in the lower right abdomen The causes of recurrent abdominal cramps here are represented by one of the following conditions: A hernia is when an organ protrudes through a weak spot in the abdominal muscles. *flu. * Cancer. Kidney infection. 8. Pain that occurs in the right upper abdomen The causes of recurrent abdominal cramps here are represented by one of the following conditions: *Lever Inflammation. * Pneumonia. Injuries or trauma. *Appendicitis. When is colic worrisome and should see a doctor? You should seek immediate medical attention if the pain is so severe that you cannot sit still, or if you have any of the following: * A high temperature of more than 38 degrees Celsius. * Vomiting mixed with blood. * constant nausea. * Yellowing of the skin or eyes. * Swelling in the abdomen. *difficulty breathing. * Colic that lasts longer than 24 hours. A burning sensation when urinating. Unexplained weight loss. *Anorexia.

What is the relationship between obesity and heart disease To understand the relationship between obesity and heart disease, here are the main points that explain the relationship between obesity and heart disease: 1. Obesity may affect cholesterol levels In the sense that obesity would raise the levels of bad cholesterol in the blood, and in turn reduce the levels of good cholesterol as well. 2. Obesity may contribute to high blood pressure This is due to the greater need for blood and oxygen in order to nourish the different parts of the body, in addition to the greater burden that the body exerts to move the blood within it. 3. Being obese may affect your metabolism This causes metabolic syndrome, which may raise the risk of heart disease. 4. Obesity may increase the risk of developing diabetes All of the above factors raise the risk of developing diabetes as well, but did you know that diabetes also raises the risk of heart disease? In some cases, various practical studies indicated that obesity and overweight can play a major role in increasing the risk of heart disease, the most important of which is heart failure and coronary heart disease. So this means that obesity and heart disease have a tight relationship, as the former raises the risk of heart disease directly and indirectly as well. Heart disease caused by obesity： As we mentioned, obesity increases the risk of heart disease, the most important of which we mention the following: 1. Cardiac arrest Obesity is associated with the problem of heart failure, as each unit increase in body mass index corresponds to a 5% increase in the incidence of heart failure in men, and 7% in women. in the work of the heart. This, in turn, causes an increase in the amount of blood that returns to the heart as well, which may lead to an enlarged heart and an increase in the burden on its walls. Over time, the heart may develop what is known as left ventricular hypertrophy, which would cause heart failure. 2. Atrial fibrillation A health condition summarized in an irregular heartbeat, in which the chambers of the heart work in an inconsistent manner during an injury, which leads to a decrease in blood circulation in the body and an increased risk of blood clots. It is worth noting that obesity may significantly increase the risk of developing atrial fibrillation. . 3. Coronary heart disease This injury results in decreased blood flow to the heart muscle due to the accumulation of platelets and fats in the blood vessels. Obesity and the accumulation of fat in the abdominal region, in particular, may be associated with a significantly higher risk of coronary heart disease. 4. Stroke It is an injury that occurs when blood flow to the brain is reduced, as there are many risk factors that would cause this injury, including obesity. Obesity treatment The most prominent methods of treatment include the following: 1. Exercise Exercise is necessary to maintain weight loss and treat obesity in the long term. Physical activity causes an increase in the consumption of calories in the body. Exercising alone leads to a little weight loss, and the main advantage of exercising is that it helps to maintain weight loss over time. It is recommended today to practice moderate physical activity for an hour a day. 2. Pharmacological treatment of obesity Very few prescription obesity medications are approved and recommended for weight loss. Medications are recommended as part of an overall treatment program and not as the sole means of weight loss and obesity treatment. Medicines have many side effects, such as: *Dry mouth. * constipation. * dizziness. *Insomnia. *diarrhea. * Various disorders in the digestive system. 3. Surgical treatment Obese people with a body mass index of more than 40 can undergo various stomach surgeries that lead to weight loss. However, the decrease in weight, which is estimated at about 50% of the patient’s initial weight, is accompanied by serious side effects and complications of the surgery, such as: * Infection in the peritoneum. * Stones in the bile duct. * Deficiency of different vitamins. Obesity prevention The most important methods of prevention include the following: * Eat five small meals a day. * Avoid processed foods. * Reduce sugar consumption. * Reduce the use of artificial sweeteners. * Avoid saturated fats. * Cook food at home. *Try a vegan diet.

Acute appendicitis is one of the difficult diseases that are more common in men than in women, which needs special attention as it may cause death in many cases. Important information about acute appendicitis Important information about acute appendicitis includes the following: * The appendix develops as an extension of the primary large intestine (Cecum), in the lower right side of the abdomen, and is located in 95% of cases within the peritoneum, and the appendix may be about 10 cm long. * Acute appendicitis is a sudden and severe inflammation of the appendix, which causes abdominal pain, and this pain may occur suddenly or may increase over several hours. * It is worth noting that any obstruction or inflammation of the appendix can lead to swelling, which may cause acute appendicitis. *This is a medical emergency, and people will need immediate medical attention if they develop any symptoms of appendicitis. *The appendix can rupture or burst if not treated within 48-72 hours of a person first showing symptoms of acute appendicitis. A ruptured or burst appendix can lead to a serious infection called peritonitis, which can be life threatening, and requires immediate emergency medical care. Symptoms of acute appendicitis: Symptoms of acute appendicitis can be divided according to age group as follows: 1. Acute appendicitis in adults They include the following: * Abdominal pain that starts in the umbilical region and then moves to the lower right part of the abdomen. * Nausea and vomiting. Flatulence. * constipation. *Anorexia. *High temperature. Gases in the abdomen. * Changes in the normal functioning of the intestine. Symptoms of acute appendicitis in children They include the following: Walk slowly, bending to the right. Flatulence. Sclerosis in the muscles of the abdominal wall *High temperature. * Symptoms of dehydration. Causes of acute appendicitis: Acute appendicitis occurs when something blocks the appendix. This may be due to: * Viral, bacterial or parasitic infection in the digestive system, which can lead to the expansion of the appendix wall tissue. * Stools cause blockage of the tube in the large intestine. * Tumors. * Inflammatory bowel diseases. Abdominal injury or trauma. It is worth noting that with increasing swelling, the blood flow to the appendix decreases and then stops completely. In this case, the appendix begins to die, or it can rupture or explode. Complications of acute appendicitis Among the important notes regarding the complications that can be caused by acute appendicitis are the following: *If the condition is not treated immediately, acute appendicitis may cause the appendix to burst, leading to a condition called peritonitis. * Peritonitis causes many symptoms, such as nausea, fever, vomiting, and severe abdominal pain. * Peritonitis is a serious infection that can be life threatening if not treated immediately by cleaning the area properly. Untreated acute appendicitis may lead to an abscess of the appendix, in which case drainage of the abscess is required. * Another potential complication that acute appendicitis can cause is complete bowel obstruction. Treatment of acute appendicitis Among the important notes regarding the treatment of acute appendicitis are the following: *Most people initially need immediate surgery to remove the appendix, and it is important to receive prompt treatment to reduce the risk of the appendix bursting. * There are two types of surgery to remove the appendix, namely, laparoscopic surgery and abdominal surgery. * During laparoscopy, the doctor makes several small cuts in the abdomen to remove the appendix, while he makes one incision in the lower right side of the abdomen in cases of abdominal surgery to remove the appendix. * A burst appendix may cause an injury to the lining of the abdominal wall; Therefore, the surgeon may need, after removing the appendix, to clean the inside of the abdomen to prevent any infections. *In some cases, antibiotics may be sufficient to treat mild cases of acute appendicitis, as they are initially prescribed to anyone who may be infected.

Lupus erythematosus is a chronic disease that occurs when the immune system attacks healthy body tissues and organs, as a natural reaction when an infection is suspected in the bloodstream. It appears as a facial rash across the cheeks, resembling the wings of a butterfly. Most people with SLE are able to live a normal life with treatment. Types of lupus? There are several types of lupus, learn about them: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): The most common and severe form of SLE, it can affect many parts of the body, including the kidneys, heart, lungs, brain, blood, and skin. Discoid: It is a type of lupus that affects only the skin and causes a rash. This rash may be anywhere but is usually found on the face, neck, and scalp. * Drug-induced lupus erythematosus (DIL): It occurs after a person takes certain types of medications, and the symptoms are similar to systemic lupus, but they usually disappear when the medication is stopped. * Neonatal lupus: It may affect newborns, and it can cause skin rashes, anemia, or liver problems. Symptoms usually disappear after a few months and do not cause any permanent damage. Causes of SLE: The exact cause of SLE is not known, but there are several factors associated with the disease, which include the following: * Genetics: This disease is not linked to a specific gene, but people with lupus often have family members with other autoimmune diseases. Environmental factors: Some environmental triggers, such as too much exposure to ultraviolet light, can increase the risk of developing SLE. *Infection: The presence of infection can initiate lupus or cause a relapse in some people. Medications: Lupus can be caused by certain types of blood pressure medications, antiepileptic drugs, and antibiotics. * Gender: Lupus affects more women than men, women may also experience more severe symptoms during pregnancy and with menstrual periods. Symptoms of lupus Symptoms can vary and can change over time. Common symptoms include: * extreme fatigue. * Joint pain and swelling. *Headache. *A rash on the cheeks and nose, called a butterfly rash. *Hair loss. * Anemia and blood clotting. *White or blue fingers and tingling when cold, which is known as Raynaud’s phenomenon. Diagnosis of SLE: There is no single test that can diagnose SLE. A combination of laboratory tests, medical imaging, and results of a physical examination leads to the diagnosis. 1. Physical examination Your doctor will perform a physical examination to check for typical signs and symptoms of SLE, including: *Sun allergy rash, such as a skin rash or a butterfly rash. * Mucous membrane ulcers, which may occur in the mouth or nose. *Arthritis, which is swelling or tenderness of the small joints of the hands, feet, knees, and wrists. * Hair loss and thinning. *Signs of a heart or lung disorder, such as bumps, rubs, or irregular heartbeat. 2. Laboratory tests Laboratory tests can help your doctor reach an informed diagnosis and include: *Blood tests: such as antibody tests and complete blood count examination. *Urine analysis: A urine sample can show a high level of protein or red blood cells in the urine, which may occur if lupus affects the kidneys. 3. Medical imaging tests If your doctor suspects that lupus affects your lungs or heart, he or she may suggest the following: *Chest X-ray: A picture of your chest that may reveal fluid or inflammation in your lungs. *Echocardiogram: This test uses sound waves to produce real-time images of your beating heart. Complications of lupus erythematosus: *Blood clots and vasculitis or inflammation of the blood vessels. *Inflammation of the heart, or inflammation of the pericardium. *Heart attacks. *brain attack. *Changes in memory. *Behavioral changes. * Inflammation of the tissues and lining of the lung. *Kidney failure. Treatment of lupus erythematosus: Treatment for lupus depends on the severity of symptoms and the size of the affected body parts, and treatments may include the following: * Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. * Steroid creams for rashes. * Cortisone to reduce the immune response. * Medicines for skin problems. *Disease-modifying drugs or targeted immune system agents in more severe cases.

Varicocele is an enlargement of a vein or several veins in the scrotum, similar to the varicose veins that appear in the legs or in other places in the body. We find this phenomenon in approximately 10% of men and in 30% of men with fertility disorders. In 90% of cases, varicose veins appear on the left side, while in approximately 10% they are bilateral, and only in a few cases they appear on the right side alone. Symptoms of varicocele: Varicocele appears as a swelling in the upper part of the scrotum, which can be felt during a physical examination. It is sometimes prominent and can generally be seen with the naked eye when standing. According to its size, in most cases varicocele does not cause symptoms, but in cases where it causes pain, the pain is characterized by: Come: Unclear pain or feeling pain in the testicles and even feeling very sharp pain. A defect in male fertility. *The pain gets worse when sitting, standing, or making physical effort, especially if it is for a prolonged period. The pain gets worse during the day and peaks at night. * Pain relieves when lying on the back. Varicoceles have a tendency to get bigger over time so that they become palpable and bothersome. Varicocele causes and risk factors: The exact cause of fertility disorder caused by varicocele is not yet known. Many mechanisms have been proposed to explain the matter, the main ones among which are: *High temperature: The temperature surrounding the testicles rises due to the accumulation of blood in the dilated testicular veins. *Accumulation of harmful substances: They harm the development of the testicles or the production of semen when there is a lack of proper drainage of blood from the testicles area. * Damage to the vein valves: The valves contribute to the return of blood from the testicle to the body, and as a result, venous congestion occurs in the testicle continuously, which leads to the veins becoming larger and expanding. *Age: Varicocele tends to occur in adolescence, i.e. between 15-20 years, more than at any other stage in life. Varicocele Most often, varicocele occurs in the left testicle; This is because the vein of the left testicle is located at a more vertical angle compared to the vein of the right testicle, which is located at an angle that facilitates the process of draining blood. Despite this, the varicocele in the left testicle causes harm to the sperm production process in the right testicle. Complications of varicocele: Among the most important complications associated with varicocele: 1. Testicular shrinkage ​The largest part of the testicle consists of a series of tubes that produce sperm cells. These tubes are damaged when the production of sperm cells is damaged, which leads to shrinkage of the testicle. One explanation for this condition is that due to the accumulation of blood in the testicle, this leads to a greater effect of toxic substances, which leads to cell death. 2. Complete fertility decline The ideal temperature for testicular cells to function is 35 degrees Celsius, so the testicles are located in the scrotum outside the body. The main goal of the network of veins in the testicle is to cool the testicle and prevent its temperature from rising. Therefore, the temperature of the testicle is likely to rise when blood flow in the testicle becomes slower than usual due to varicocele, which will limit the movement of sperm cells and decrease their quantity.​ Diagnosis of varicocele: Most cases of varicocele are diagnosed in the early stages, as the diagnosis is made after the patient complains of heaviness in the testicle or when the patient notices a change in the shape of the testicle, and the diagnosis is as follows: 1. Physical examination The diagnosis is made by the doctor through: * Inquiries about low fertility in men. * The doctor feels the testicle, then he feels the presence of a lump that does not cause pain when touched, but if the varicocele is too small for the doctor to feel when touching the testicle, the doctor asks the patient to raise the pressure in the abdomen as we do when we want to defecate, this process called The Valsalva maneuver reduces venous return to blood vessels and thus the varicocele enlarges and can be palpated. 2. Photography media Through an ultrasound examination, we can receive a comprehensive picture of the testicle so that we can confirm the presence of varicocele. In addition, this examination allows us to determine the cause responsible for this condition, such as the presence of a tumor in the spermatic cord that leads to the appearance of varicocele. Varicocele treatment: Not all cases of varicocele are treated. The cases that are treated are when the varicocele causes pain and testicular atrophy, or when it leads to fertility disorders. Surgical treatment of varicocele centers around blocking the dilated vein in the testicle and returning blood flow to normal, although the effect of surgery on fertility has not yet been known. Treatment methods include: 1. Open surgery This method is the most common as the testicle is accessed through an incision in the abdomen or groin. The surgery is performed under local or general anesthesia, and during the surgery a microscope is used in order to reduce as much as possible the possibility of complications. The recovery process after the surgery is fast and the pain caused by this operation is minimal. 2. Laparoscopic surgery In this surgery, a small incision is made through which a small camera is inserted and another incision is made to insert the surgical equipment, but this surgery is rarely performed because it is associated with anesthesia and has more complications than open surgery. 3. Percutaneous embolization A radiologist intervenes in performing this surgery, and during this process a catheter is inserted into the veins, so that we see in the radiographic examination that the catheter is in a place where we

Gynecomastia or enlarged breasts in men is a term that describes a condition of benign enlargement of breast tissue in men. Enlargement may occur in only one breast or in both breasts together. Gynecomastia represents about 60% of breast-related problems in men, and 85% of breast lumps in men. The appearance of this condition is not limited to a specific age, as it may appear at any age, but 40% of cases appear in boys between the ages of 14-15.5 due to hormonal background, taking medications, or even without any known reason. Symptoms of gynecomastia in men: The most important and prominent symptom of gynecomastia in men is the presence of a lump in the breast, which is in the process of enlarging. In about a third of these cases, the lump is sensitive to touch, meaning it can be felt and felt by touch. Also, in about a third of cases, the lumps appear on one side, meaning they affect one breast but not the other. The lump often appears in the center of the breast, but it may appear on the edges. Breasts too. Causes and risk factors of gynecomastia in men: Breast tissue enlarges in response to an increase in estrogen, while it is suppressed in response to testosterone. In a normal state, these two hormones are present in both sexes, as the level of testosterone is higher than the level of estrogen in men, while the opposite is true in women, as the level of estrogen is higher than the level of testosterone. In cases where the percentage of estrogen exceeds the percentage of testosterone in a man, his breast tissue becomes enlarged. Risk factors: The most important factors that increase the risk of gynecomastia in men are the following: *Obesity. *Not eating healthy food. *Liver diseases. *Androgen deficiency. * Hypothyroidism. *Kidney failure. *Drinking some types of medications, such as: steroids and androgens. Complications of gynecomastia in men There are very few complications of gynecomastia in men, but this health problem causes psychological and emotional problems. Diagnosis of gynecomastia in men: The disease is usually diagnosed based on a physical examination and symptoms, as it is easy for the doctor to see lumps in a man’s breast, but the doctor may request some tests, such as: *Mammogram. *Ultrasound imaging of the breast. Gynecomastia treatment in men: First, the cause is searched for so that it can be treated. It is worth mentioning here that in 75% of cases, the real reason for the emergence and appearance of this condition is not known. Surgical procedure: Most men prefer to treat this condition with plastic surgeons because of the embarrassment caused by this condition for them. Gynecomastia is usually treated by performing a surgical operation, and this operation is generally performed under general anesthesia. There are several possibilities to perform this surgical procedure, which are as follows: *If gynecomastia is the result of an enlarged mammary gland: the enlarged part is removed using an incision at the border of the nipple, and the effects of the incision often disappear with the passage of time. *If breast enlargement is caused by excess fatty tissue: then liposuction is performed. There are cases in which surgical removal of the enlarged portion is combined with suction of excess fat. Another factor that is taken into consideration when deciding on the appropriate type of surgery to treat this phenomenon relates to the amount of excess skin, as the doctor decides whether part of the skin should also be removed in addition to the gland or not. Prevention of gynecomastia in men: *Abstaining from medications that increase the risk of contracting the disease. *Avoid drinking alcohol.

Cancer is a medical term that includes a wide range of diseases characterized by the abnormal growth of cells that divide without control and have the ability to penetrate tissues and destroy healthy tissues in the body, and it is capable of spreading throughout the body. Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the Western world, but the odds of recovering from cancer are constantly improving in most types, due to advances in early detection of cancer and cancer treatment options. The stages of cancer are usually denoted by grades with the Roman numerals I through IV, with a higher number indicating that the cancer is more advanced. In some cases, the stage of cancer is indicated using letters or a verbal description. Symptoms of cancer: Symptoms of cancer differ from one case to another depending on the organ affected by cancer. Some general symptoms of cancer are attributed to it, but they are not specific to cancer alone, and they include: *exhaustion. *High temperature. * The appearance of a mass or inflation that can be felt under the skin. *pain. *Changes in body weight, including an unintended increase or decrease in body weight. * Changes on the surface of the skin, such as: the appearance of yellow color, the appearance of dark areas or red spots in the skin, the appearance of wounds that do not heal, or changes in moles that were present on the skin. * Changes in bowel or bladder working patterns. * Continuous cough. *Hoarseness. *Difficulty swallowing. * Indigestion or feeling uncomfortable after eating. How does a person get cancer? In some types of cancer, the accumulation of these cells generates a cancerous tumor, but not all types of cancer produce cancerous tumors. For example, leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood cells, bone marrow, lymphatic system, and spleen, but this type of cancer does not produce a tumor. The initial genetic deviation is only the beginning of the process of cancer development, and researchers believe that the development of cancer requires a number of changes within the cell, including the following: 1. An initiating factor that leads to a genetic change Sometimes a person may be born with a specific genetic deviation, while the genetic deviation may occur in others as a result of active forces within the body such as: hormones, viruses, and chronic infections. Genetic deviation can also occur as a result of active forces outside the body, such as: Ultraviolet – UV rays that come from sunlight, or carcinogenic agents from cancer-causing chemicals (Carcinogen) present in the living environment. 2. A catalyst for rapid cell growth Adjuvants exploit genetic aberrations and changes caused by initiating factors, as adjuvants cause cells to divide more rapidly and this can lead to the cells accumulating as a cancerous tumor. The auxiliary factors can be transmitted by inheritance, and they can be formed inside the body or they can reach from the outside and enter the body. 3. An encouraging factor that makes cancer more aggressive and helps it spread Without the stimulating factors, the cancerous tumor can remain benign and localized, but the stimulating factors make the cancer more aggressive and increase the possibility of cancer breaking into and destroying nearby tissues, as well as increasing the possibility of cancer spreading to other organs throughout the body. As is the case with the initiating and facilitating factors, the encouraging factors can also be transmitted by inheritance, or formed as a result of the effects of environmental factors. The genetic structure, lifestyle and environment in which we all live can form the basis for the formation of cancer or the completion of its formation if it has started. From people exposed to the same factor that can cause cancer. Complications of cancer: Cancer and cancer treatment may lead to several complications, including the following: * Side effects from cancer treatment. * Unusual responses issued by the immune system to cancer. Cancer outbreak. Recurrence of cancer after its treatment. Diagnosis of cancer: Diagnosing cancer in its early stages provides the best chances for recovery from it, so if the patient feels suspicious symptoms, he should consult with his doctor about which tests are most appropriate for him for early detection of cancer, as early detection of cancer may save the lives of some people with some types of cancer. cancer. The American Cancer Society recommends screening for people with moderate risk factors for the following types of cancer: * Breast cancer: Breast cancer is screened for women 40 years of age and older. Cervical cancer: Cervical cancer is detected for women 21 years of age and older or three years after the first sexual intercourse. * Colon cancer: Colon cancer is screened for men and women 50 years of age and older. Prostate cancer: Screening for prostate cancer is for men aged 50 and over. Tests needed to diagnose cancer: For the purpose of diagnosing cancer, the doctor may choose one or more early detection tests for cancer, which include the following: physical examination. Laboratory tests. Imaging examinations. biopsy. After diagnosing cancer, the doctor tries to determine the extent of the cancer or the stage the cancer has reached, then the doctor decides on treatment methods or the possibilities of recovery according to the classification and grade of cancer in the specific patient. Cancer treatment: Cancer treatment consists of a variety of treatments, and cancer treatment options are related to several factors, such as: type and stage of cancer, general health status, in addition to the preferences of the patient himself. An oncologist can be consulted about the benefits and risks of each cancer treatment option to determine the best and most effective cancer treatment for each case. Cancer treatment goals: The application of cancer treatment is carried out by achieving multiple and different goals, including the following: A treatment aimed at killing or removing cancer cells. * A treatment aimed at destroying remaining cancer cells. * A treatment

Also known as swimmer’s ear, otitis externa is an infection of the skin covering the outer ear canal and may occur after spending a long time in water or outdoors. Symptoms of otitis externa in adults: Symptoms of otitis externa in adults often begin mildly, but can worsen if the infection is not treated or when it spreads, so the symptoms will be classified according to the extent and severity of the inflammation. Here are the most important and prominent symptoms of otitis externa in adults: 1. Symptoms of otitis externa in adults are mild Which may include the following: * Itching and mild redness in the ear canal. *Feeling mild discomfort that gets worse when the pinna is pulled or pressure is applied to the ear tragus. * The exit of some transparent liquids that have no smell. 2. Symptoms of otitis externa in middle adults which can guarantee the following: * Increased itching. *Increased pain. *Ear redness is more severe. *Excessive fluid secretion. *A feeling of fullness inside the ear and partial closure of the ear canal due to fluid accumulation and swelling. * Hearing problem, the sound may sound muffled or low. 3. Symptoms of otitis externa in advanced adults Advanced symptoms include: Severe pain that may spread to the face, neck, or side of the head. Complete blockage of the ear canal. Swelling or redness of the outer ear. * Swollen lymph nodes in the neck. fever. 4. Other symptoms of otitis externa in adults Below are some other symptoms associated with acute diffuse otitis externa, which is the most common type and can last for up to 3 weeks, affects the entire ear canal, and may extend to the outer ear and eardrum: * Redness and swelling of both the outer ear and the ear canal. *Pain in the area. *Scaly skin in and around the ear canal. * Watery or purulent secretions that may have a foul odor. *Itching and irritation in and around the ear canal. *Pain when moving the ear or jaw. *Inflammation and swelling of the lymph nodes in the throat. *Partial hearing loss if the swelling inside the ear is severe. When should you visit a doctor? You should always see a doctor if any of the above symptoms of ear infection appear, but there are some other additional symptoms that require a doctor to be seen, including the following: *Feeling dizzy or ringing in the ears: which may indicate the presence of a more serious problem that needs to be examined by a doctor. *Very severe and severe pain: The doctor can prescribe you a medication that relieves your pain and gives you comfort. *A skin rash on the scalp or near the ear: which may indicate seborrheic dermatitis or herpes zoster (shingles), and then the doctor can recommend appropriate treatment. Other symptoms: fever.